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Ivar the Boneless (; ) was a Viking leader and a commander of the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, starting in 865. According to the tradition recorded in the Norse sagas, he was one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, and his brothers included Björn Ironside, Halfdan Ragnarsson, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye and Ubba. He is often considered identical to Ímar, the founder of the Uí Ímair dynasty, which dominated the Irish Sea region throughout the Viking Age. ==Biography== Ivar was one of the leaders from the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of East Anglia in 865.〔Venning p. 132〕〔Holman 2012 p. 102〕 According to the Norse sagas this invasion was organised by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, of whom Ivar was one, to wreak revenge against Ælla of Northumbria. Ælla had supposedly executed Ragnar in 865 by throwing him in a snake pit, but the historicity of this explanation is unknown.〔Munch pp. 245–251〕〔Jones pp. 218–219〕 The invaders are usually identified as Danes, although the tenth-century churchman Asser stated in Latin that the invaders came "''de Danubia''", which translates into English as "from the Danube", the fact that the Danube is located in what was known in Latin as ''Dacia'' suggests that Asser may have actually intended ''Dania'', a Latin term for Denmark.〔Downham 2013 p. 13〕 The Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia in the autumn of 865, where they remained over the winter and secured horses for their later efforts.〔Kirby p. 173〕 The following year the army headed north and invaded Northumbria, which was in the midst of a civil war between Ælla and Osberht, warring claimants for the Northumbrian throne.〔Forte pp. 69-70〕 Late in 866 the army conquered the rich Northumbrian settlement of York.〔Downham 2007 p. 65〕 The following year Ælla and Osberht put their differences aside, and teamed up to retake the town. The attempt was a disaster and both of them lost their lives.〔 According to legend, Ælla was captured alive, but was executed by Ivar and his brothers using the blood eagle, a method of execution whereby the ribcage is opened from behind and the lungs are pulled out, forming a wing-like shape.〔 With no obvious leader, Northumbrian resistance was crushed and the Danes installed a puppet-king, Ecgberht, to rule in their name and collect taxes for their army.〔Keynes p. 526〕 Later in the year the Army moved south and invaded the kingdom of Mercia, capturing the town of Nottingham, where they spent the winter.〔 The Mercian king, Burghred, responded by allying with the West Saxon king Æthelred, and with a combined force they laid siege to the town. The Anglo-Saxons were unable to recapture the city, but a truce was agreed whereby the Danes would withdraw to York.〔Forte p. 72〕 The Great Heathen Army remained in York for over a year, gathering its strength for further assaults.〔 The Danes returned to East Anglia in 869, this time intent on conquest. They seized Thetford, with the intention of remaining there over winter, but they were confronted by an East Anglian army.〔Downham 2007 p. 64〕 The East Anglian army was defeated and their king, Edmund, was slain.〔Gransden p. 64〕 Medieval tradition identifies Edmund as a martyr who refused the Danes' demand to renounce Christ, and was killed for his steadfast Christianity.〔Mostert pp. 165-166〕 Ivar and Ubba are identified as the commanders of the Danes, and the killers of Edmund.〔Swanton pp. 70-71 n. 2〕 How true the later accounts of Edmund's death are is unknown, but it has been suggested that his capture and execution is not an unlikely thing to have happened.〔 Following the conquest of East Anglia, Ivar apparently left the Great Heathen Army - his name disappears from English records after 870.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ivar the Boneless」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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